The aim of that it job is to examine the end result away from reproduce and you can ages to the eggs manufacturing in addition to egg outside and inner top quality during the four Italian twin-purpose breeds , initially and some weeks later than very first months putting interest that took place, respectively, at the conclusion of june/start of trip as well as in cold temperatures, around varying environment requirements.

2.step one. Pet and you will Rearing Conditions

Four Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you can Robusta Lionata (RL), had been believed towards the study. The human body pounds out of mature female is step 1.twenty-five kilogram within the PP, 2.29 kg inside Er and you can 3.05 kg within the RM and RL. Its source is the Veneto region (Italy): PP try a classic regional reproduce; their resource try old back to this new XIX century, however, zero exact studies to the their genetic origin are present. The other breeds are available within the Veneto within the 1950s: the newest Er breed originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell breed) and you will Rhode Isle (brownish eggshell reproduce) types, whereas to the RM and you will RL breeds, Brown Orpington and you may White The usa, two brownish eggshell breeds were used . As well as the adult body weight, these types differ within their plumage colour: it is fantastic from inside the PP, Er shows erminate plumage, RM plumage is actually predominantly white having black extremities in a lot of countries of one’s system, black colored feathers of primaries and you can tail and you can RL shows a great tawny plumage with black colored feathers from primaries and you can end. All of the types (Contour S1) reveal unmarried comb and you may set shaded eggshell egg (Shape S2).

2. Content and techniques

Birds out of for each and every reproduce hatched meanwhile (last half out-of age farm of your Middle to own Poultry Biodiversity Preservation on Veneto area (they consistently offers new rearing of them breeds too as for the egg development getting incubation and you will brooding), inside North Italy (45°02?53? N), from hatching into the pubertal many years and in the laying months, hence come regarding the prevent away from summer on start of fall (Figure step one), with respect to the reproduce. Eating, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you can prophylaxis steps were a similar on five breeds, from the time regarding hatching into end of learned months, which was in , on 53 months old. This new freshly hatched chicks were kept inside for the very first cuatro months from existence, at the an ecological temperatures decreasing away from thirty two in order to 24 °C, lower than infra-reddish rays lights, on the litter. At step 1.5 days old, the new birds got 100 % free usage of backyard room, off springtime so you’re able to fall and you may winter months. Per breed (sixty hens) had totally free entry to outdoor (5 meters dos /bird) place (equipped with linear drinkers), where the hens stayed all day long, and indoor (4 hens/m 2 ) space (wood shavings and you will straw litter, having perches and circular feeders), mainly used to possess laying egg (cumulative nests) at night; the room (interior and backyard) accessible to each breed are split datingsajter fГ¶r lГҐngvГ¤ga relationer up by netting.

At the start of laying (around 22 months old with the reproduce that have before onset of putting), when you look at the September–October, according to breed, the fresh photoperiod is actually sheer and you will decreasing, with respect to the seasons and the geographic condition of your own demo station inside the Northern Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and also for the 2nd period (out-of 38 months of age, regarding December in order to 53 weeks of age), fake light is gradually increased (in indoor place, filament-based bulb, on the 60 lux) to find a beneficial photoperiod out-of 14L:10D. New photoperiod try regulated by a timekeeper, plus it is accomplished by turning on the new light an hour or so in advance of sunrise and turning off it an hour immediately following sunset. The new additional environment heat is ten ± 3.cuatro °C and you may 11 ± step three.0 °C, respectively, toward basic (right away out-of Oct on avoid regarding November) and the 2nd (from the beginning off January with the stop out of February) putting periods, in the event that investigation for the produce show and eggs quality was basically gathered. The fresh new animals received advertisement libitum industrial nourishes centered on the emotional phase (three diversified commercial feeds within the growing period). Toward first putting phase (26–33 months of age, around decreasing pure photoperiod), if the types been putting, the birds were given a commercial pelleted provide (PG = 16%, Me personally = 11.8 MJ/kg, California = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = 9.1%, Myself = thirteen.seven MJ/kg), during the a proportion of 1:step one. It’s worth remembering you to, at this many years, precisely the twin-purpose and you will tinted eggshell breeds presented an adjustable start of laying and you may eggs creation speed, while new hens from the almost every other breeds of the latest Maintenance Heart to possess Biodiversity and you may hatched meanwhile of your studied breeds, for instance the light eggshell types, didn’t start putting (Padovana breed) otherwise it exhibited an extremely light installing pastime (Polverara breed), never ever achieving the endurance out-of ten% hen–time eggs design. The main cause of the option of the newest Conservation Center, to not ever have fun with a rss feed to possess laying hens through the this period, was due to not pressuring the new pullets to help you egg development while in the a season which have decreasing heat and you will photoperiod. The latest birds expanded outside, significantly less than favorable requirements to own skeletal health, travelling ground and you will lower than solar power radiation. From the outdoor area for each and every breed, the presence of lawn open to the newest wild birds was highest during new growing several months than simply from the start of putting, which happened following the summer time, in the event the rain are scarce and you will did not support good turf regrowth. From 38 so you’re able to 53 days of age, and less than broadening photoperiod, the fresh new hens had been fed a professional pelleted provide for laying (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.5 MJ/kg, Ca = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes consisted mostly off maize and you can soybean.